Sustainable Development - Design and Build Without Harm

Sustainable development is a general belief that all human endeavors should promote the longevity of the planet and its inhabitants. What architects call the built environment should not harm the Earth or deplete its resources. Builders, architects, designers, community planners, and real estate developers strive to create buildings and communities that will neither deplete natural resources nor negatively impact the Earths functioning. The goal is to meet todays needs using renewable resources so that the needs of future generations will be provided for. Sustainable development attempts to minimize greenhouse gases, reduce global warming, preserve environmental resources, and provide communities that allow people to reach their fullest potentials. In the field of Architecture, sustainable development also has been known as sustainable design, green architecture, eco-design, eco-friendly architecture, earth-friendly architecture, environmental architecture, and natural architecture. The Brundtland Report In December 1983, Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland, a physician and the first woman Prime Minister of Norway, was asked to chair a United Nations commission to address a global agenda for change. Brundtland has become known as the mother of sustainability since the 1987 release of the report, Our Common Future. In it, sustainable development was defined and became the basis of many global initiatives. Sustainable development is development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs....In essence, sustainable development is a process of change in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investments, the orientation of technological development; and institutional change are all in harmony and enhance both current and future potential to meet human needs and aspirations.— Our Common Future, United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987 Sustainability in the Built Environment When people construct things, many processes take place to actualize the design. The goal of a sustainable building project is to use materials and processes that will have little impact on the continued functioning of the environment. For example, using local building materials and local laborers limits the pollution effects of transportation. Non-polluting construction practices and industries should have little harm on the land, sea, and air. Protecting natural habitats and remediating neglected or contaminated landscapes can reverse damages caused by previous generations. Any resources used should have a planned replacement. These are characteristics of sustainable development. Architects should specify materials that do not harm the environment at any stage of their life cycle — from first manufacturing to end-of-use recycling. Natural, bio-degradable, and recycled building materials are becoming more and more common. Developers are turning to renewable sources for water and renewable energy sources such as solar and wind. Green architecture and eco-friendly building practices promote sustainable development, as do walkable communities, and mixed-use communities that combine residential and commercial activities — aspects of  Smart Growth and the New Urbanism. In their Illustrated Guidelines on Sustainability, the U.S. Department of the Interior suggests that historic buildings are themselves often inherently sustainable because they have lasted to stand the test of time. This does not mean that they cannot be upgraded and preserved.  Adaptive reuse of older buildings and the general use of recycled architectural salvage are also inherently sustainable processes. In architecture and design, the emphasis of sustainable development is on the conservation of environmental resources. However, the concept of sustainable development is often broadened to include the protection and development of human resources. Communities founded on principles of sustainable development may strive to provide abundant educational resources, career development opportunities, and social services. United Nations sustainable development goals are inclusive. United Nations Goals The United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution on September 25, 2015 that set 17 goals for all nations to strive for by 2030. In this resolution, the notion of sustainable development has been expanded far beyond what architects, designers, and urban planners have focused on — namely Goal 11 in this list.   Each of these goals have targets that encourage worldwide participation: Goal 1. End poverty; 2. End hunger; 3. Good healthy lives; 4. Quality education and lifelong learning; 5. Gender equality; 6 Clean water and sanitation; 7. Affordable clean energy; 8. Decent work; 9. Resilient infrastructure; 10. Reduce inequality; 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable; 12. Responsible consumption; 13. Combat climate change and its impacts; 14. Conserve and sustainably use oceans and seas; 15. Manage forests and halt biodiversity loss; 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies; 17. Strengthen and revitalize global partnership. Even before the U.N.s Goal 13, architects realized that the urban built environment is responsible for most of the worlds fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Architecture 2030 set this challenge for architects and builders — All new buildings, developments, and major renovations shall be carbon-neutral by 2030. Examples of Sustainable Development Australian architect Glenn Murcutt is often held up as an architect who practices sustainable design. His projects are developed for and placed on sites that have been studied for their natural elements of rain, wind, sun, and earth. For example, the roof of the Magney House was designed specifically to capture rainwater for use within the structure. The Villages of Loreto Bay in Loreto Bay, Mexico was promoted as a model of sustainable development. The community claimed to produce more energy than it consumed and more water than it used. However, critics charged that developers claims were overstated. The community eventually suffered financial setbacks. Other communities with good intentions, such as Playa Vista in Los Angeles, have had similar struggles. More successful residential projects are the grassroots Ecovillages being built all over the world. The Global Ecovillage Network (GEN) defines an ecovillage as an intentional or traditional community using local participatory processes to holistically integrate ecological, economic, social, and cultural dimensions of sustainability in order to regenerate social and natural environments. One of the most famous is EcoVillage Ithaca, co-founded by Liz Walker. Finally, one of the most famous success stories is the transformation of a neglected area of London into the Olympic Park for the London 2012 summer Olympic Games. From 2006 until 2012 the Olympic Delivery Authority created by British Parliament oversaw the government mandated sustainability project. Sustainable development is most successful when governments work with the private sector to make things happen. With support from the public sector, private energy companies like Solarpark Rodenà ¤s will be more likely to put their renewable energy photovoltaic panels where sheep may safely graze  Ã¢â‚¬â€ existing together on the land. Sources Our Common Future (The Brundtland Report), 1987, http://www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf [accessed May 30, 2016]What is an Ecovillage? The Global Ecovillage Network, http://gen.ecovillage.org/en/article/what-ecovillage [accessed May 30, 2016]Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, The Division for Sustainable Development (DSD), United Nations, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld [accessed November 19, 2017]Architecture 2030, http://architecture2030.org/ [accessed November 19, 2017]

Key Concepts of Religious Experience as an Argument for...

Key Concepts of Religious Experience as an Argument for the Existence of God The argument is of an a posterioi nature, therefore it is inductive. This means the argument uses data and evidence from which conclusions are drawn. The argument of experience must involve a sense of encounter, the experience of the encounter therefore has been seen, felt and sensed and therefore making the experience exist to us (Hume). These experiences seem to be widespread throughout society and therefore can be claimed to be a normal occurrence. David Hay in his book The Spiritual Experience of the British in 1979 his findings are counter-intuitive, his findings show that roughly 50% of the sample reported having†¦show more content†¦The religious experiences have to be interpreted, this gives the possibility that interpretations will be different and that these interpretations will be personal. The interpretations result in the reliability of the experiences to be questioned, also it can be argued that the experience is just an interpretation, and that this interpr etation can change. We could argue that some people are justified in interpreting their experiences religiously whilst others are justified in presenting alternative explanations for the same phenomenon. Another problem is that we know our senses can be deceived, for example Optical Illusions, this implies that perhaps religious experiences are just illusions. There are 2 possible outcomes, one is that the interpretation is of Reality I think therefore I am (Descartes) or it is of an opposite nature When a man tells me God has spoken to him in a dream†¦ it is no more than to say he dreamed God spoke to him. Richard Swinburnes principle of Credulity and Testimony, help to support peoples interpretations of experiences by stating that people who make such claims have a right to be taken seriously. 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I theorize that one cannot argue the greater importance of either the material of ideational aspect without making dangerous assumptions. While some scholars may theorize that it is mankinds religious and ethical worldviews which shape the environment, there is also strong evidence supporting the idea of humanitys technologies and surroundings

Pathophysiology And Pharmacology - Ardiovascular System

Questions: 1. Give an account of the roles of calcium in the cardiovascular system. Using named examples, explain how drugs perturb the cellular functions of calcium (directly or indirectly) in order to exert their physiological effects?2. (a) Give an account of the pharmacology of catecholamines and their actions in the cardiovascular system?(b) With reference to appropriate guidelines, explain how antagonists which perturb the cellular functions of catecholamines are used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease?3. (a) With reference to appropriate clinical guidelines, describe the rationale for the use of drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the management of hypertension.(b) The primary concern of the physician, when presented with a newly-diagnosed hypertensive patient, should be rapidly to reduce their blood pressure to within normal levels To what extent could this statement be said to be true? Answers: 1: In the cardiovascular system the calcium is known as second messanger. It is worked as intracellular messenger. Through the calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) it is act as extracellular first messanger. In G-protein-coupled receptor of family C the calcium sensing receptor is found. Transmembrane domain receptors are also called as calcium-sensing receptor(CaR). Calcium acts as first messanger. Vrious cellular functions are regulated by calcium-sensing receptor (CaR). In blood vessels the calciumsensing receptors (CaR) have physiological roles. For maintaining and regulating mineral ion homeostasis calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) plays an important role. To maintain the potential differences through out the extra cellular cell membranes and proper bone formation extra cellular calcium plays an important role. In signal transduction calcium ions (Ca2+) are played an important role. The neurotransmitters are released from neuron and for this functions the calcium ions (Ca2+) are played a vital role as second messanger. In the physiology and biochemistry and the cell calcium ions (Ca+) play an important role. Ca2+ act as a second messanger. And also in transduction pathways they play a major role. In case of neurotransmitter release from neurons the calcium ion (Ca2+) acts as a second messenger. (SMAJILOVIC and TFELTHANSEN, 2007). Cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration is kept low level of about 10(-7)M. When Ca(2+) concentration increases by specific stimuli via opening of channel proteins, Ca(2+) binds to Ca(2+)-binding proteins, activating specific proteins, results in responding the stimuli. 2. (a): By the conversion of tyrosine to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalamine (DOPA) catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine) are biosynthesized. From tyrosine to 3,4- dihydroxyphenylalamine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase is the rate limiting step. Catecholamine consists of two groups : catechol and an amine group. By activating G-protein coupled receptor catecholamines are acted exclusively. Circulating catecholamines are epinephrine and norepinephrine. Circulating Epinephrine Causes: The heart rate and inotrophy (-adrenoceptor mediated)is increased. Vasoconstriction is the major effect in most systemic arteries and veins. The cardiac output is increased because of the overall cardiovascular response. It happens for the response of cardiovascular system which shows low to moderate contractions. And the response of the cardiac output is redistributed to muscular. When the cardiac output is increased it is natural that the arterial pressure is also changed. But here arterial pressure is not changed becaused the activation of 2 receptor is helped to fall the systemic vascular resistance (Kalbunde, 2012). Arterial pressure is increased by epinephrine at high plasma concentrations because the 2 adrenoceptors are bound on blood vessels and for this reason 2 adrenoceptor mediated vasodialation is seen. Circulating Norepinephrine Causes: The heart rate and inotrophy (1 adrenoceptor mediated) are increased. And for this reason the nrepinephrine is effected directly on the heart. Vasoconstriction is the major effect in most systemic arteries and veins (post junctional 1 and 2 adrenoceptors). The cardiac output is increased because of the overall cardiovascular response and the systemic vascular resistance is also increased. As a reult the arterial blood pressure is raised. When the baro receptors are activated the heart rate is stimulated by norepinephrines. (b) : -blocker drug blocks the receptors to inhibit the functions of catecholamines. And as a result the heart rate and blood pressure are reduced. blockers are given to patient through a vein or by mouth. (Brindis and Walsh, 2010). When receptor numbers and catecholamine levels are increase, the effects of -blockers are greatest. The hearts ability to respond to stress is not completely diminished by -blockers. -blockers modify the response of heart to stress. Ability of heart for the responding to stress is not completely diminished by blockers. Fig: - adrenergic blocking drugs physiological effect in the presence of circulating catecholamines ; Source: (Brindis and Walsh, 2010) 3. (a) : Blood pressure and water (fluid) balance is regulated by rennin-angiotensinsystem (RAS) or the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). It is a hormone system. Fig: Reninangiotensin aldosteron system; Source: (Paiardi et al., 2007) If there is loss of blood volume then the system is activated. An angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) is a type of drug which are used primarily for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. Examples of ACE inhibitor includes: Capoten(captopril), Vssotec(enarapril), Monopril (fosinopril). Guidelines for ACE Inhibitors: According to guidelines on an empty stomach one hour before meal the drug should be taken. The patient should follow the directions to use the drug and how to take it. As per the condition of the patient the medication is decided and also followed some mojor factors. The factors which are to be followed are : the number of doses of drug should take each day, the time intervals between doses and the medication period. The medication period is very important for a patient and it is decided considering the condition of the patient. The prescribed order should be followed by a patient. Salt substitutes should not be taken by the patient who are suffering from hypertension. Because it contains potassium. The potassium is stored on the body by ACE inhibitors. It is necessary for a patient to choose a food chart which is not contained the sodium and the potassium levels. In this matter he dietitian chart should be followed by a patient. (b): The primary concern of the physician, when presented with a newly-diagnosed hypertensive patient, should be rapidly to reduce their blood pressure to within normal levels The statement is true. And the patients should follow the following advices: Preventing or treating obesity: NICE recommends starchs (potatoes, rice, bread and pasta), wholegrain, brown rice, bread. And very importantly snacks are not allowed for hypertension patients. The patient with hypertension should change his/her life style behavior. By changing the life style behavior the person can improve his/her health condition. Proper medication and the instructions (made by general physician) should be followed by the patients. Stopping smoking: Patients should stop smoking. Encouraging exercise: Physical activities (eg, walk or cycling, use the stairs instead of the lift if possible, walk at lunch time) are very useful to prevent hypertension. Salt reduction. Starting treatment. References Brindis, R. and Walsh, M. (2010). President's Page: Patient-Centered Cardiovascular Care: An ACC Initiative.Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 56(2), pp.155-157. Klabunde, R. (2012).Cardiovascular physiology concepts. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins/Wolters Kluwer. Paiardi, S., Porteri, E., Rodella, L., De Ciuceis, C., Boari, G., Rezzani, R., Ricci, F., Bianchi, R., Rizzoni, D. and Agabiti Rosei, E. (2007). Angiotensin Receptor Blockers and Ace Inhibitors Prevent Microvascular Rarefaction in the Skeletal Muscle of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.High Blood Pressure Cardiovascular Prevention, 14(3), pp.145-196. SMAJILOVIC, S. and TFELTHANSEN, J. (2007). Calcium acts as a first messenger through the calcium-sensing receptor in the cardiovascular system.Cardiovascular Research, 75(3), pp.457-467.

International Energy Policies United States Crude Oil Production

Question: Critically analyse the factors affecting the content of international agreements for the oil and gas industry Critically examine the framework of the energy policies. Demonstrate the key global challenges and issues facing the world oil and gas industry and the factors affecting the long term prospects Exceptionally wide range of relevant literature evaluated and used critically to inform argument, balance discussion and/or inform problem-solving. Consistently accurate and assured use of academic conventions Answer: The burgeoning issue of the current times is the volatility in the oil and gas market. There are several issues identified that contribute to the fluctuations in the oil prices. In this context we can say that the crude oil prices have been quite high during the year 2013-14 and this rise was stabilized. The international standard of the crude oil price is Brent which generally lies between $100-155 per barrel. The stability of oil price is believed to be short lived but the Brent price of oil is regarded to be normal. The recent decline in the oil occurred in the month of June 2014 at the rate of 40%. (GLOBAL TRENDS IN OIL GAS MARKETS TO 2025, 2015) (THE MONTH IN BRIEF: Lower prices, more oil and some refineries find buyers, 2012) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an intergovernmental organization. The objectives of the OPEC is to co-ordinate and unify the petroleum policies among its member countries in order to ensure that fair and stable price is available for the petroleum producers, to maintain regular and efficient supply of of petroleum to other importing nations and to earn a fair return on capital for the investors. (Opec.org, 2015) The decline in the oil prices is attributed to the inefficiency of the OPEC regarding the price regulation. The low oil price crisis is due to the refusal of Saudi Arabia to curtail their oil production. This resulted in a saturation of the global oil markets. The ideal initiative that the OPEC could have taken is to increase their oil production so that a situation of excess demand would come up which eventually would raise the price. Once the oil prices stabilize then the member countries of the OPEC can gradually increase their production and lower the price in accordance with suitable environment. The reason behind Saudi Arabias refusal to cut down production is due to the nervous politics and fear of losing the global position and share in the oil market. (Greiner, 2014) The chart below reveals that the Brent Crude Oil price has declined at the end of the year. (Ieconomics.com, 2015) The connection among the oil, energy and the international politics is somewhat intertwined. The main victim of the of the oil and gas market are the two weak performing nations: Iran and Russia. The pivot in the sluggishness of the oil price is the United States of America (USA). The main motive of the USA is to tarnish the images of both the nations and also influence the oil price. Taking up the case of Russia which is a fragile nation is affected by the adverse effect of the oil price decline. This decline resulted in a decrease in the foreign capital flow into the nation. Russia is now reforming its foreign policies and taking initiatives to improve its global status. (The Economist, 2014) Iran has iteratively accused Saudi Arabia for the downturn in the oil market as it refused to cut down oil production that could have helped to recover the oil market. Iran is also a frail nation which relied on the sale of oil. As the oil price decreased, the revenues earned from the oil also decreased which further dampened the already feeble position of Iran. The objective of the USA is to coerce Saudi Arabia and distort the economic condition of both the nations. In case of Iran, the intention of the USA is to leave the country with no other choices but to sign the long pending nuclear power deal. The deal would cause a loss in the nuclear capability of Iran. (Kent, 2015) The chart shows that the crude oil production in Saudi Arabia has increased in the end of the year 2014 which attempts to identify the main problem of the decline in oil price. (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015) The slumped and saturated oil market and its price may have weakened most of the nations. Even the member countries of OPEC like Libya and Venezuela could not escape the dire consequences of the low oil price which hampered their economic condition. (FOCUS: Libya starts to rebuild its oil and gas industries, 2011) When most of the nations were busy trying to recover from the bearish oil market, there were other nations would extracted the benefit from the low oil prices. It is worth mentioning that countries like India and China gained an advantageous position with respect to the low oil prices. Now China is one of the industrialized nations which initiated plans to be self sufficient and self reliant in energy by building its own shale gas. The rise of China would be destructive and damaging for the most powerful nation, the USA. In this context, the USA could not let China gain power and position, so USA with its influential power subdued the international companies who could have helped China in supporting the shale gas project. These international companies were running at a loss and withdrew investment projects like the one in China. Thus, Chinas shale gas project took a backseat. The chart below shows that the production of crude in the USA has been increasing throughout the year 2014. (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015) Below are the crude oil productions for two countries: China and India. Both the countries depict an upward trend in the production though the volume of production is low for India. (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015) (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015) Non OPEC countries such as North America, former Soviet Union and the North sea region comprises around 60% of the total oil production of the world. The operation of the oil production in the Non OPEC Countries is carried out by the International or investor owned Oil Companies (IOCs). It is assumed that the Non OPEC countries are price takers which imply their influence on the price is absent. Focusing on the thriving issue of low oil price, the Non OPEC countries have slight role to play in rectifying the oil market. The Non OPEC countries can produce oil at full capacity, considering ceteris paribus, the decline in the oil supply by the Non OPEC countries would exert an upward pressure on the price of oil. Thus, the total global supply of oil would decrease creating a situation of excess demand which would drive up the international oil prices. Thus the Non OPEC countries would be able to mitigate the low oil price issue in this way. Through this mechanism the call on OPEC would increase which would enable the OPEC and its member countries to influence the price of oil. Another measure that the Non OPEC countries can take is to disrupt the production of oil which would again reduce the global oil supply and increase the global oil price. (Eia.gov, 2015) The concern for energy policies have evolved in many member countries. The USA can capture the benefits of the low oil price and reform its energy policies by planting restriction on the fossil fuel subsidies, introduce new efficiency measures and implement policies that are advantageous to the economy as well as lure investors who would support the increase in oil production. (Theenergycollective.com, 2015) Czech Republic commenced State Energy Strategy with the intention to decrease lignite production. Germanys motive to spread awareness of the energy policies came out through its annual progress reports. Canada aimed to achieve the government goals by regulatory reform through the Responsible Resource Development Plan. Sweden is the carbon free economy and intent to introduce vehicles which are fossil fuel free by the year 2030. The USA had also taken measures to reduce the Green house Gas emission by cutting down carbon pollution, take groundwork regarding climate changes and launching international initiative to cope up with the climate change. In this regard the USA had implemented the Climate Action Plan. (Energy Policy Highlights, 2015) The energy policies need to be carefully implemented taking into consideration the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and spatial planning. If the implementation is not carried out properly then challenges may arise during the start of the project. The several challenges can be mitigated by appointing an energy expertise who would efficiently frame and implement energy policies. The next problem that the energy sector faces is the interference from the national level during the framing of the policies. This might not be entertained by most of the regional and local government which can create a friction among the system eventually hampering the efficacy of the policies (Oilandgasuk.co.uk, 2015) Another popular issue that affects the energy sector is improper, inaccurate and incomplete data related to the global oil price, consumption level in the household, transportation and other trading sectors which poses a problem in the policy implementation. So executives and experts must be hired to monitor the policy making process, assemble accurate information and build coordination between EIA and spatial planning. (Eia.gov, 2015) There are basically two agreements that are used in the oil and natural gas sector: Concessions and Contractual agreements. Concessional agreements deals in equity interest and royalties which are estimated from the production value and income taxes. Contractual agreements deals in contracts related to production share, service and risk etc. The agreements are influenced by several factors but mainly depend on the nature of the agreement taken up by the resource holder. The aspect that need to be included while forming concessions agreement in the oil companies are exclusive rights of Exploration and Production, finance and taxation regulations, domestic supply of oil and gas, cash flow source and costs and benefits. (Wright and Gallun, 2008) The major issue of the world is the expanding demand for products and no sufficient supply to absorb such demand. As the population is increasing, the demand for oil is increasing. The increasing demand would be satisfied by the emerging powerhouses like China and India which would in turn affect the other oil exporting nations. This results in geopolitical strife which complicates the challenges. About 90% of the resources of oil and gas are controlled by the National Oil Companies (NOCs) and some host governments. These resources could not accessed by the International Oil Companies (IOCs). (Smead, 2015) The issue related to the cost of services in the oil industry is of concern. This industry implements services such as engineering, drilling, constructions and procurement which involve huge costs. The heavy scale industries like the oil and gas industry operates through heavy machineries and equipments which need to be executed by technically skilled professionals. The wages of these types of professionals are quite high adding up to the cost of the industry. In general, this cost is covered by the price rise but with the unpredictable stability in the oil price, it was the better option not to rely on oil price rather sale of oil should be increased in order to cover up the cost. But again the implantation of new and advanced technology would exert a negative impact on the economy. As new machines are incorporated in the oil industries, the unskilled workers or manual workers would be removed creating a situation of unemployment within the economy. (Oil Price Review, 2013) The fundamental mistake that the oil and the gas industry indulge in is the objective of their business. The objective of the oil industry is mainly focused on the cost reduction but it is too late for them to realize that such a strategy would not work when the underlying market conditions are narrow. In the current scenario it is necessary for the oil industry to concentrate on the supply chain, assess their accessibility to other markets and ensure that they are able to explore markets where their presence is absent or minimal. The industry must definitely implement cost effective ways of production of oil and also expand its Barrels of Oil Equivalencies (BOEs) and to ensure safety at the personal level the industry must incorporate change process management. Thus in this study we see that the issue of low oil prices is the result of the refusal of cutting down oil production by Saudi Arabia. But this low price does not depict that the future of the oil market is ominous as the No n OPEC countries can always disrupt its oil production to suppress the global oil supply. This would help to increase the oil price benefiting the vulnerable nations like Libya, Venezuela, Iran and Russia. For the recovery of the oil industry, it is necessary for the oil producers, OPEC as well as Non OPEC countries to adopt strategies and policies that would extract the advantage of the impending reality. (Solutions and , 2014) References Ieconomics.com, (2015).Brent Crude Oil | Crude Oil | Heating Oil - Crude Oil Production. [online] Available at: https://ieconomics.com/brent-crude-oil [Accessed 3 Apr. 2015]. Opec.org, (2015).OPEC : Brief History. [online] Available at: https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/24.htm [Accessed 3 Apr. 2015]. Tradingeconomics.com, (2015).China Crude Oil Production | 1973-2015 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast. [online] Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/china/crude-oil-production [Accessed 3 Apr. 2015]. Tradingeconomics.com, (2015).India Crude Oil Production | 1994-2015 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast. [online] Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/india/crude-oil-production [Accessed 3 Apr. 2015]. Tradingeconomics.com, (2015).Saudi Arabia Crude Oil Production | 1973-2015 | Data | Chart | Calendar. [online] Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/saudi-arabia/crude-oil-production [Accessed 3 Apr. 2015]. Tradingeconomics.com, (2015).United States Crude Oil Production | 1950-2015 | Data | Chart | Calendar. [online] Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-states/crude-oil-production [Accessed 3 Apr. 2015]. Wright, C. and Gallun, R. (2008).Fundamentals of oil gas accounting. Tulsa, Okla.: PennWell. Energy Policy Highlights. (2015). 1st ed. p.https://www.iea.org/. FOCUS: Libya starts to rebuild its oil and gas industries. (2011).Oil and Energy Trends, 36(10), pp.3-6. GLOBAL TRENDS IN OIL GAS MARKETS TO 2025. (2015). 1st ed. Kent, S. (2015).Falling Oil Prices to Soften Non-OPEC Oil Supply Growth. [online] WSJ. Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/falling-oil-prices-to-reduce-supply-from-opec-members-1421322185 [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Oilandgasuk.co.uk, (2015).Economics, Energy Policy and Gas - Oil Gas UK. [online] Available at: https://www.oilandgasuk.co.uk/economics.cfm [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Peakoil.com, (2015).IEA Sees Oil-Price Recovery; Cuts 2015 Non-OPEC Output Estimate |Peak Oil News and Message Boards. [online] Available at: https://peakoil.com/consumption/iea-sees-oil-price-recovery-cuts-2015-non-opec-output-estimate [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Smead, R. (2015). Low Oil Prices-Impact on Natural Gas and Associated Industries.Natural Gas Electricity, 31(8), pp.29-32. Solutions, C. and , V. (2014).Facing the Future: Challenges Ahead for the Oil Gas Industry. [online] Clover Global Solutions,LP - Clover One Worldà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚  . Available at: https://c1wsolutions.wordpress.com/2014/01/23/facing-the-future-challenges-ahead-for-the-oil-gas-industry-3/ [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. The Economist, (2014). Why the oil price is falling. [online] Available at: https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2014/12/economist-explains-4 [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Theenergycollective.com, (2015).Oil Price Drop and Effect Causes | The Energy Collective. [online] Available at: https://theenergycollective.com/jemillerep/2146151/are-declining-oil-prices-increasing-risks-opec-us-energy-security-or-clean-fuels- [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Greiner, B. (2014).Oil Prices - Decline Turned Into Collapse?. [online] Forbes. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/billgreiner/2014/12/04/oil-prices-decline-turned-into-collapse/ [Accessed 20 Mar. 2015]. Oil Price Review. (2013).Oil and Energy Trends, 38(7), pp.10-12. The Economist, (2014). Why the oil price is falling. [online] Available at: https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2014/12/economist-explains-4 [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015].

Arugment for Less School Hours free essay sample

Most students drag themselves out of bed every morning only to find themselves deparately waiting for that last bell to ring, marking the end of a school day. Increasing hours and the days students have to attend will destroy students and cause problems for them. The result would be taxes increasing, extracurricular activities getting cut and an increase on stress for kids. Most teens do not come from a wealthy background. Therefore, they have to provide for themselves as well as save up for college. If schools were to be longer, many teens that need to work to help support themselves would have difficulty finding a job that will fit to their schedule. It may also be hard for teens to hold that job. Another reason why schools should not be loner is because longer days would mean little extracurricular activities. This is very crucial, since it is one of the key factors that help many teens get into their choice of college. We will write a custom essay sample on Arugment for Less School Hours or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Colleges not only look at their grades in high school, but also any activities they have done out of school. Additionally, no extracurricular activity prevents kids from exploring their true passion, limiting their opportunities. Finally, when students miss a few days due to sickness, they end up having to make to piles and piles of work. Now if student were to have longer days, there would be more work. This might unmotivated students, as they are overwhelmed by work. Many Naive people would say yes to lengthen the school days and try to argue that students would learn more because this would mean longer instructional time. However , studies show there is no correlation between the length of the school days and the student’s academic achievements. According to Amanda Morin, it is not about how long kids are in the classroom; but how engaged in learning they are. Also many people state that lengthing the school years would allow parents to save money, as they would not have to send their kids to day care or hire a babysitter, or have to pay for the expensive childcare or hire a babysitter, or have to pay for the expensive childcare programs. However, lengthening the school year would mean a dramatic increase in taxes on parents who are sending their children to school, in order to cover for the pay in teachers and the increase on staff to help run the school. There are many reasons why the school day should not be extended including the maintainance cost, extracurricular activities and keeping hold of jobs. Many students are already stressed out, therefor adding more days would increase that stress. Having school 35 hours a week is plenty and it would be absurd to change school hours or days.

Heres How Crabs Find Food

Here's How Crabs Find Food Crabs may be a favorite food for some people, but they need to eat too. They often live in dark or muddy areas, where it can be difficult to find prey by eyesight. So how do crabs find food, and how do they eat? And, interestingly, what types of food do they like to eat? How Crabs Find Food Like many other marine animals, crabs rely on their sense of smell to find prey. Crabs have chemoreceptors that allow them to detect chemicals in the water that are released by their prey. These chemoreceptors are located on a crabs antennae. These are long, segmented appendages near the crabs eyes that have both chemoreceptors and allow them to feel its surroundings. Crabs also have antennules, shorter antenna-like appendages near the antennas that allow them to sense their environment. A crab can taste using hairs on its mouthparts, pincers and even its feet. Senses of Taste and Smell Crabs have pretty well-developed senses of taste and smell. Fishing for crabs, or crabbing, using pots and cages relies on these senses, and makes it possible to catch crabs. The pots are baited with a variety of smelly things, depending on the target crab species. Bait can include chicken necks, pieces of fish such as eel, menhaden, squid, herring and mackerel. As the bait hangs in the trap in a bag or in a bait jar, odorous chemicals waft out into the ocean, attracting hungry crabs. Depending on water flow, these conditions can affect their senses to detect prey. What and How Crabs Eat Crabs arent picky eaters. They will eat everything from dead and living fish to barnacles, plants,  snails, shrimp, worms and even other crabs. They use their claws to grab food particles and put the food into their mouths. This is similar to the way humans eat using their hands or utensils. Crabs also use their claws to manipulate or break up the food so they can place it into their mouths more easily in smaller bites. When crabs have to break through shells of other sea life, their strong claws come in especially handy while their other appendages help them quickly move to catch various types of prey. Different Crabs, Different Diets Different crabs like to eat different types of sea life and plants.  Dungeness crabs, for example, may snack on squid and worms, while king crabs like to nosh on clams, mussels, worms and sea urchins. Basically, king crabs hunt for prey on the ocean floor and often eat decaying animal matter as well as live sea life. Sources and Further Reading â€Å"Frequently Asked Questions.†Ã‚  Blue Crab.â€Å"Encyclopedia of Tidepools and Rocky Shores.† Edited by Mark W. Denny and Steve Gaines, University of California Press, 2017.â€Å"Dungeness Crab.  Oregon Agriculture in the Classroom..Blue Crab Anatomy web.vims.edu.

Distinguish between business risk and financial risk Essay

Distinguish between business risk and financial risk - Essay Example Systematic risk refers to the risk posed by the conditions of the environment, i.e. the possibility that the economy within which a business operates will experience a downturn; while unsystematic risk refers to the possibility that the specific sector of the economy in which a business operates will fail. In order to protect against unsystematic risks, businesses try operating is a variety of sectors so that losses from one business can be offset by the profits from another. Since systematic risk pertains to the economy of a country, there is little that businesses can do to prevent against the dangers of this kind of risk. Several internal and external factors cause business risk. Internal business risk factors can be corrected by the business, however the external factors are beyond the organization’s control. Internal factors broadly include operating costs, business structure and business efficiency. In order to reduce operating costs, businesses should look toward cost cutting measures or to increasing revenues such that costs are covered. Similarly, business structure and management policies should be tailored such that they enhance efficiency. The external factors that cause business risk include the change in demand for the product, unpredicted changes in the state of economies worldwide etc. Another category of risk posed to a business is financial risk. Financial risk pertains to the financing structure of a business. It can pertain to risks associated with shares (in case of a public limited company) or with the debt structure of the business and occurs when a business fails to pay its creditors. This risk is business specific, since each business has its own financing structure and how it manages the structure depends on the business’s policies and strategies. Financial risks are of several types; market risk (risks associated with shares in the stock market),